What motivates individuals to avoid feelings of shame or guilt?

Instrumental motivation is the correct choice, as it involves the desire to achieve certain outcomes or avoid negative emotional states, such as shame or guilt. This type of motivation is driven by the belief that certain behaviors can lead to tangible benefits or prevent adverse consequences. When individuals act to avoid feelings of shame or guilt, they are essentially pursuing an instrumental goal: maintaining their self-esteem and social acceptance, as well as adhering to their personal and societal values.

In contrast, intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in an activity for its own sake, out of personal interest or enjoyment, rather than to avoid negative feelings. Extrinsic motivation is based on external rewards or punishments, while altruistic motivation is centered around selflessness and the well-being of others. Although these motivations can influence behavior, they do not specifically focus on the avoidance of shame or guilt like instrumental motivation does.